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1. (α) Greenwood ΝΝ, Earnshaw Α: “Chemistry of the Elements”, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997, p.633 ff. (β) Wikipedia: “Hydrogen Peroxide“.

2. Chemistry Department, University of Bristol, Cotton S.: “Molecule of the Month: Hydrogen Peroxide“.

3. EKA Chemicals (Bohus, Sweden): “The hydrogen peroxide production process“, (αρχείο PDF, 2,62 ΜΒ).

4. Chemical Engineering Tools and Information (“Cheresources”): “Hydrogen Peroxide Production“.

5. Solvay Chemicals: “Hydrogen peroxide, Safety and Handling Technical Data Sheet“, (αρχείο PDF, 348 KB).

6. US Peroxide Company: “INTRODUCTION TO HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, environmental application overview“.

7. Clyde Co-op Co.: (α) “Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) TECHNICAL INFORMATION“. (β) FMC: “MSDS: Hydrogen Peroxide (20 to 40%)”, (αρχείο PDF, 53 KB).

8. European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC): “Ecoprofile of hydrogen peroxide“.

9. (α) Stokes PR: “Hydrogen Peroxide for Power and Propulsion”, (αρχείο PDF, 173 KB). (β) Wikipedia: “High test peroxide“.

10. (α) New Scientist (July 2002): “Torpedo fuel leak sank Kursk“. (β) Wikipedia: “Russian submarine Kursk explosion“.

11. Sundaresan M, Yu Z-X, Ferrans VJ, et al: “Requirement for generation of Η2Ο2 for platelet-derived growth factor signaling transduction”, Science 270:296-299, 1995.

12. Hoidal JR: “Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling”, Am J Respir Cell Mol. Biol. 25:661-663, 2001, (αρχείο PDF, 45 ΚΒ)

13. Rhee SG, Chang T-S, Bae YS, Lee S-R, Kang SW: “Cellular Regulation by Hydrogen Peroxide“, J Am Soc Nephrol 14:S211-S215, 2003.

14. Nindl G: “Hydrogen Peroxide – From Oxidative Stressor to Redox Regulator“, Cellscience Reviews, 1 (2), 2004.

15. Rhee SG: “Cell signaling. Η2Ο2, a necessary evil for cell signaling” Science 312:1882-1883, 2006.

16. EMBO Conference Series: “Redox Signaling in Human Disease and Ageing”, Rome, Italy, 20-23.4.2006.

17. Linnane AW, Eastwood H: “Cellular redox regulation and prooxidant signaling system: A new perspective on the free radical theory of aging”, Ann NY Acad Sci 1067:47-55, 2006 [Abstract].

18. Tonks NK: “Redox redux: revisiting PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatase) and the control of cell signaling”, Cell 121:667-670, 2006 [PubMed].

19. (α) Wikipedia: “Endocytosis“. (β) Brooklyn College: “Endocytosis“.

1. (α) The Merck Index: “Benzylpenicillinic acid”, 12th ed., p.191. (β) Wikipedia: Wikipedia: “Penicillin“.

2. (α) Wikipedia: “History of penicillin“. (β) Answers.yahoo.com: “How was penicillin discovered?“. (γ) Rosenberg J (About.com): “Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin“. (δ) Bud R: “Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy”, Oxford University Press, 2007 p.27, 31 (Google e-book). (ε) American Chemical Society, Ιnternational Historic Chemical Landmark: “Discovery and Development of Penicillin, 1928-1945“, 1999 (Εξαιρετικό ιστορικό άρθρο για την πενικιλλίνη). (στ) Torok S: “Howard Florey the story: Maker of the Miracle Mould”, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1998. (ζ) Cordy CC: Κριτική στο βιβλίο του Eric Lax “The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of the Penicillian Miracle”. (η) Hare R: “New light on the history of penicillin“, Med Hist. 26(1): 1-24 1982 (ή αρχείο PDF, 5,5 MB) (Εξαιρετικά πληροφοριακό άρθρο με πλήθος λεπτομερειών πάνω στα πειράματα του Fleming. Ο Hare προσπαθεί να ερμηνεύσει τους λόγους που έκαναν τον Fleming να αμφιβάλει για τη φαρμακευτική χρησιμότητα της πενικιλλίνης). (θ) Lax E: “The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle“, Holt Paperback & Co, New York, 2004.

3. (a) D. Allchin (SHiPS Resource Center, University of Minnesota): “Penicillin and Chance“. (β) clickamericana.com (rediscover history) “The race to get enough penicillin“. (γ) University of Oxford: “The story of penicillin“. (δ) Fun facts about Fungi (Utah State University): “Penicillin: the first miracle drug“. (ε) Bellis M (About.com, Inventors): “The History of Penicillin Alexander Fleming, John Sheehan, Andrew J Moyer“. (στ) Henry C: “Penicillin“, Chemical & Engineering News, 83(25), 2005. (ζ) Wellcome Library: “Another link completed: Sir Ernst Chain’s papers made searchable“, June 2010. (η) Lax H: “Norman Who?“, Popular Science. (θ) www.nndb.com: “Norman George Heatley“. (ι) Moyer AJ, Coghill RD: “Penicillin : IX. The Laboratory Scale Production of Penicillin in Submerged Cultures by Penicillium notatum Westling (NRRL 832)”, J. Bacteriol. 51(1):79, 1946 (αρχείο PDF, 1,57 MB). (ια) USDA Agricultural Research Service: “ARS Timeline: The rescue of penicillin“.

4. (α) Wikipedia: “Gram staining“. (β) Bruckner MZ (Microbial Life, Educational Resources): “Gram Staining“. (γ) Smith AC, Hussey MA (American Society of Microbiology, Microbe Library): “Gram Stain Protocols“.

5. Drugs.com: “Oxford Unit“.

6. (α) penicillin.wikispaces.com: “Penicillin“. (β) www.news-medical.net (Medical News): “Penicillin Poduction“. (γ) McGlade E, Lennon R: “BE401 Industrial Processing: Penicillin Recovery Strategies”, (αρχείο PDF 315 KB). (δ) Swaroopa RA, Annopurna J, Ramakrishna SV: “Penicillin Production in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor by Penicillium chrysogenum Immobilized in Agar”, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 17(2):119-122, 2003 (αρχείο PDF 189 KB). (ε) Rodríguez-Sáiz M, Díez B, Barredo JL: “Why did the Fleming strain fail in penicillin industry?”, Fungal Genet Biol. 42(5):464-470, 2005 (PubMed). (στ) Business Standard: “Save penicillin industry from Chinese imports: IPMA“, June, 2004.
7. (α) News Medical: “Penicillin Biosynthesis“. (β) Arnstein HRV, Clubb ME: “The Biosynthesis of Penicillin: 5. Comparison of Valine and Hydroxyvaline as Penicillin Precursors“, Biochem J. 65(4): 618-627, 1957. (γ) Abraham EP: “Penicillins and Cephalosporins” Pure Appl. Chem., 28(4):399-412, 1971 (αρχείο PDF, 305 KB).

8. (α) www.news-medical.net (Medical News): “Penicillin Mechanism“. (β) Thornton A (School of Chemistry, University of Bristol): “How Penicillin works“. (γ) Wikipedia: “Peptidoglycan“. (δ) Review on the book “D-Amino acids: A new frontier in amino acids and protein research – Practical methods and protocols”, by Konno R, et al (αρχείο PDF, 120 KB).

9. Streble S: “The Evolution of Resistance to Penicillin“, December 12, 2001.

10. (α) Wikipedia: “Beta-lactam antibiotic“. (β) Wikipedia: “Cephalosporin“. (γ) Med Expert: “Antibiotics: Cephalosporins“.

11. Soelensy R (Wolters Kluver): “Patient information: Allergy to penicillin and related antibiotics (Beyond the Basics)“.

ΒΙΒΛΙΑ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΚΑΛΥΨΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΝΙΚΙΛΛΙΝΗΣ

– Maurois A: “The Life of Sir Alexander Fleming Discoverer of Penicillin“, New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1959.

– Clark RW: “The Life of Ernst Chain. Penicillin and Beyond“, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1986.

– Wainwright M: “Miracle Cure: The Story of Penicillin and the Golden Age of Antibiotics“, Blackwell Publishers, London, 1990.

– Tocci S: “Alexander Fleming: The Man Who Discovered Penicillin” (Great Minds of Science, Series), Enslow Publisher, London, 2002.

– Hantula R: “Alexander Fleming“, World Almanac Library, London, 2003.

– Lax E: “The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle“, Holt Paperback & Co, New York, 2004. [Εξαιρετικό βιβλίο όπου εξιστορείται ο -μάλλον παραγνωρισμένος- αγώνας της ομάδας επιστημόνων της Οξφόρδης.

– ICON Health Publications: “Penicillin. A Bibliography, Medical Dictionary and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References“, ICON Health Publishers, San Diego, CA, 2004.

– Jacobs F: “Breakthrough: The True Story of Penicillin” (Illustrations and photographs, for children), New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 2004.

– Brown K: “Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution“, History Press, New York, 2005.

– De la Bedoyere G: “The Discovery of Penicillin (Milestones in Modern Medicine, Series)“, World Almanac Library, Washington DC, New York, 2005.

– Bud R: “Penicillin, Triumph and Tragedy“, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.

– Tames R: “Penicillin: A Breakthrough in Medicine“, Heinemann-Raintree, London, 2007

1. (α) The Merck Index: “Carbon Monoxide”, 12th ed., p.1860. (β) Wikipedia: “Carbon monoxide“. (γ) science.jrank.org: “Carbon Monoxide – History“. (δ) Lascaratos JG, Marketos SG: “The carbon monoxide poisoning of two Byzantine emperors”, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 36(1-2):103-107, 1998 (PubMed).

2. (α) Weinstock B, Niki H: “Carbon Monoxide Balance in Nature“, Science 176(4032):290-292, 1972. (β) University of Toronto, Physics Dept. “Measurement Of the Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT)“. (γ) Canadian Space Agency: “Measuring Atmospheric Pollutants“.

3. (α) Thompson M: “Carbon Monoxide“, in Bristol University, Chemical Department webpage: “The molecule of the month“. (β) Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A: “Chemistry of the Elements”, Pergamon Press, 1st ed. 1984, σελ. 325-329, 349-351. (γ) Κατάκης Δ, Μεθενίτης Κ, Μητσοπούλου Χ, Πνευματικάκης Γ: “Ανόργανη Χημεία Β’: Τα στοιχεία”, Εκδόσεις Παπαζήση 2002, σελ. 172-176. (δ) Cohen Tervaert DG: “Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Blood“, Biochem J 19(2):300-303, 1925. (ε) Martinek MJ, Marti WC: “Modified Iodine-Pentoxide Method for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Air and Blood”, American Journal of Public Health 19(3):293-298, 1928 (αρχείο PDF, 909 KB).

4. (α) www.chem-guide.blogspot.com: “Laboratory preparation, properties and uses of carbon monoxide“. (β) Universität Siegen: “4.4.14 Production of Carbon Monoxide“. (γ) Mattson B (Creighton University): “Microscale Gas Chemistry: Experiments with Carbon Monoxide“.

5. (α) Wikipedia: “Mond process“. (β) TodayInSci.com: “The late Dr. Ludwig Mond“.

6. (α) Schöniger W: “Chemical multiplication of carbon dioxide: Preliminary communications”, Microchem. J. 11:469, 1966. (β) Belcher R: “Amplification Reactions”, Talanta 15:357-366, 1968. (γ) Davies DH: “A review of non-gravimetric methods of determining carbon dioxide and monoxide”, Talanta 16:1055-1065, 1969.

7. (α) Βαλαβανίδης Α: “Βασικές Αρχές Υγιεινής και Ασφάλειας σε Χημικά και Βιοχημικά Εργαστήρια. Πληροφορίες για επικίνδυνες χημικές ουσίες“, Εκδόση Τμήματος Χημείας , Παν/μιο Αθηνών, 2008. (β) Αττά – Πολίτου Τζ. (Πανεπ. Αθηνών, Τμ. Χημείας): “Σημειώσεις μαθήματος ‘Εισαγωγή στην Τοξικολογία’: Τοξικά αέρια και διαλύτες” (αρχείο PDF, 258 KB). (γ) ICHEM (International Programme on Chemical Safety): “Carbon Monoxide“. (δ) Bruce EN, Bruce MC : “A multicompartment model of carboxyhemoglobin and carboxymyoglobin responses to inhalation of carbon monoxide“, Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(3):1235-1247, 2003. (ε) The Merck Manual: “Carbon Monoxide Poisoning“. (στ) Bailey R (About.com): “Carbon monoxide (CO)“.

8. (α) Casiday R, Frey R: “Hemoglobin and the Heme Group: Metal Complexes in the Blood for Oxygen Transport – An Inorganic Synthesis Experiment“, Dept. of Chemistry, Washington University. (β) University of Arizona, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics: “Biochemistry 462a: Purification and Characterization” (φάσμα από: Stryer, Biochemistry, 4th ed., 1995). (γ) Ιωαννίδου Ε (Μονάδα Εντατ. Θεραπείας ΚΑΤ): “Παλμική Οξυμετρία Καπνογραφία” (παρουσίαση Power Point, 4,89 MB). (δ) Nilson D, Partridge R, Suner S, Jay G: “Non-invasive carboxyhemoglobin monitoring: screening emergency medical services patients for carbon monoxide exposure”, Prehosp Disaster Med. 25(3):253-256, 2010 (αρχείο PDF, 201 KB).

9. (α) Wikipedia: “Carbon monoxide detector”. (β) Black A (HowStuffWorks.com): “How Carbon Monoxide Detectors Work“. (γ) ColeParmer.com: “The Theory Behind Carbon Monoxide Electrochemical Sensors“. (δ) International Sensors Technology: “Chapter 2: Electrochemical Sensors” (αρχείο PDF, 183 ΚΒ). (ε) International Sensors Technology: “Chapter 4: Solid State Detectors” (αρχείο PDF, 164 MB).

10. (α) Light A, Grass C, Pursley D, Krause J: “Carboxyhemoglobin levels in smokers vs. non-smokers in a smoking environment“, Respiratory Care, Open Forum Abstracts, 2007. (β) LiveStrong.com, Jones C: “Smoking & Carboxyhemoglobin“. (γ) Adams KF, Koch G, Chatterjee B, Goldstein GM, O’Neil JJ, Bromberg PA, Sheps DS: “Acute elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin to 6% impairs exercise performance and aggravates symptoms in patients with ischemic heart disease”, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 12(4): 900-909, 1988 (Abstract). (δ) Piantadosi CA: “Carbon Monoxide, Reactive Oxygen Signaling, and Oxidative Stres“, Free Radic Biol Med. 45(5):562-569, 2008. (ε) Beycock M: “Carbon Monoxide“, The Encyclopedia of Earth, 2011. (στ) Wikipedia: “Carboxyhemoglobin“. (ζ) Light A, Grass C, Pursley D, Krause J: “Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Smokers vs. Non-Smokers in a Smoking Environment“, Respiratory Care, 2007 Open Forum Abstracts.

11. (α) Stewart BD. The effect of carbon monoxide on humans. Annu Rev Pharmacol 15:409-429, 1975 (Abstract). (β) Turino GM: “Effect of carbon monoxide on the cardiorespiratory system. Carbon monoxide toxicity, physiology and biochemistry“, Circulation 63:253A-259A, 1981. (γ) Zevin S, Saunders S, Gourlay SG, Jacob P, Benowitz NL: “Cardiovascular effects of carbon monoxide and cigarette smoking“, J Am Coll Cardiol 38:1633-1638, 2001. (δ) Piantadosi CA: “Biological chemistry of carbon monoxide”, Antiox Redox Signal 4:259-270, 2002 (PubMed). (ε) Zuckerbraun BS, Chin BY, Bilban M, Costa d’ Avila J, Rao J, Billiar TR, Otterbein LE: “Carbon monoxide signals via inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species“, The FASEB Journal 21:1099-1106, 2007. (στ) Prockop LD, Chichkova RI . “Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review”. J Neurol Sci 262(1-2): 122-130, 2007 (αρχείο PDF, 1,0 MB). (ζ) Bauer I, Pannen BHJ: “Bench-to bedside review: Carbon monoxide – from mitochondrial poisoning to therapeutic use“, Crit Care 13(4):220, 2009. (η) Smidt R, Ryan H, Hoetzel A: “Carbon monoxide-Toxicity of low-dose application”, Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012 (PubMed).

12. (α) Stevens CF, Wang Y: “Reversal of long-term potentiation by inhibitors of haem oxygenase”, Nature 364(6433):147-149, 1993 (PubMed). (β) Johnson RA, Johnson FK: “The effects of carbon monoxide as a neurotransmitter”, Curr Opin Neurol. 13(6):709-713, 2000 (PubMed). (γ) Ryter SW, Alam J, Choi AMK: “Heme Oxygenase-1/Carbon Monoxide: From Basic Science to Therapeutic Applications“, Physiol Rev April 86(2):583-650, 2006.

13. (α) Deryck Damian Pattron DD: “Carbon Monoxide Packaging of Meats May Mask Spoilage & Compromise Public Health Safety”, Internet Journal of Food Safety 9:49-51, 2007 (αρχείο PDF, 40 ΚΒ). (β) Weiss R: “FDA Is Urged to Ban Carbon-Monoxide-Treated Meat“, Washington Post Staff, February 20, 2006. (γ) Schmit J: “Carbon monoxide keeps meat red longer; is that good?“, USA TODAY, October 30, 2007. (δ) American Meat Institute: “Carbon Monoxide in Meat Packaging: Myths and Facts” 2008 (αρχείο PDF, 141 KB).

1. (α) Wikipedia: “Nitroglycerin“. (β) International Program for Chemical Safety (ICHEM): “Nitroglycerin“. (γ) United States Department of Labor: Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Nitroglycerin. (δ) Bristol University, Dept. of Chemistry, Cotton S: “Molecule of the month: Nitroglycerin“.

2. (α) Lemmel B: “Alfred Nobel’s Industrial Activities in Vinterviken” (NobelPrize.org). (β) Lemmel B: “Alfred Nobel in Krümmel” (NobelPrize.org). (γ) Technology in Australia 1788-1988: “Explosives“, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2000. (δ) Clements J: “Ardeer Factory: The Factory near Stevenston“. (ε) J. Graves GJ: “Nitroglycerine!“, Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum. (στ) Transcontinental Railroad Home (Linda Hall Library): “The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad“.

3. On Line Encyclopedia: “C3H NITROGLYCERIN“.

4. (α) Wikipedia “Nobel Prize“. (β) NobelPrize.org: “Alfred Nobel’s Will“. (γ) National Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) Center: “Birthday of Alfred Nobel (21st October 1833)“.
5. (α) Medpedia “Nitroglycerin“. (β) Smith E, Hart D: “William Murrell, Physician and Practical Therapist”, British Medical Journal 3:632-633, 1971 (αρχείο PDF, 469 KB). (γ) Bruce Fye W: “Profiles in Cardiology: William Murrell”, Clin. Cardiol. 18:426-427, 1995 (αρχείο PDF, 235 KB). (δ) Bauer JA, Fung H-L: “Arterial Versus Venous Metabolism of Nitroglycerin to Nitric Oxide: A Possible Explanation of Organic Nitrate Venoselectivity“, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 28(3):371-374, 1996. (ε) Hagan P: “How dynamite could help destroy prostate cancer“, Daily Mail, February 22, 2010. (στ) EmaxHealth.com, Mitchell D: “Could Nitroglycerin Stop Prostate Cancer?“, February 2010.