- INDIRECT SPEECH (ΠΛΑΓΙΟΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ)
Εισαγωγή
Χρησιμοποιούμε τον πλάγιο λόγο για να αναφέρουμε κάτι που είπε κάποιος άλλος:
- Clara: “I’m tired.” (ευθύς λόγος)
- Sonia: Clara said that she was tired. (πλάγιος λόγος)
Όταν θέλεις να πεις σε κάποιον κάτι που είπε κάποιος άλλος, μπορείς απλά να επαναλάβεις τα λόγια του (ευθύς λόγος):
- Peter: She said “I’m hungry”.
(χρησιμοποιούμε εισαγωγικά όταν γράφουμε σε ευθύ λόγο)
ή, μπορείς να χρησιμοποιήσεις τον πλάγιο λόγο:
- Peter: She said that she was hungry.
Form
Όταν χρησιμοποιούμε τον πλάγιο λόγο, το κύριο ρήμα αναφοράς της πρότασης είναι συνήθως σε παρελθοντικό χρόνο:
- He said …
- She told me …
- They asked …
Οι παροντικοί χρόνοι στον ευθύ λόγο συνήθως αλλάζουν σε παρελθοντικούς στον πλάγιο λόγο:
direct speech | indirect speech | |
---|---|---|
“I’m going to the park.” | She said that she was going to the park. | |
“You must report to the manager.” | He told me that I had to report to the manager. | |
“We will do it.” | They said that they would do it. | |
“Ana can swim very well.” | I said that Ana could swim very well. |
Ο απλός αόριστος στον ευθύ λόγο μπορεί να μείνει απλός αόριστος στον πλάγιο λόγο ή να αλλάξει σε υπερσυντέλικο:
ευθύς λόγος | πλάγιος λόγος | |
---|---|---|
“I arrived late, so they sacked me.” | He said that he arrived late, so they sacked him. He said that he had arrived late, so they had sacked him. |
- I said that she should have seen a doctor.
- I said she should have seen a doctor.
Όταν χρησιμοποιείς πλάγιο λόγο, πρέπει να θυμάσαι να αλλάζεις τις προσωπικές αντωνυμίες και τα αντικείμενα:
ευθύς λόγος | πλάγιος λόγος | |
---|---|---|
“I‘m late for work.” | April said that she was late for work. | |
“I will give you the box.” | Tom said that he would give me the box. |
Πρέπει επίσης να αλλάζουμε τα επιρρήματα και τις επιρρηματικές φράσεις του χρόνου και του τόπου:
ευθύς λόγος | πλάγιος λόγος | |
---|---|---|
“We will arrive tomorrow.“ | They said they would arrive the next day. | |
“The diary is here in my office.” | He told me that the diary was there in his office. |
Αν η κατάσταση που αναφέρεται είναι ακόμα αληθής τη στιγμή της αναφοράς, δεν είναι απαραίτητο να αλλάξουμε το χρόνο του ρήματος στον πλάγιο λόγο:
ευθύς λόγος | πλάγιος λόγος | |
---|---|---|
“I love my new house!” | Mary said that she loves her new house. (Αυτό είναι ακόμα αλήθεια. Αυτή ακόμα αγαπά το σπίτι της.) |
Αλλά το να αλλάξουμε το χρόνο του ρήματος είναι επίσης σωστό:
ευθύς λόγος | πλάγιος λόγος | |
---|---|---|
“I love my new house!” | Mary said that she loved her new house. |
Στις ακόλουθες καταστάσεις, πρέπει να αλλάξεις το χρόνο του ρήματος:
- Η κατάσταση που αναφέρεται έχει αλλάξει ή έχει τελειώσει·
Rose said that she was going to New York.
(Όχι “is going” επειδή αυτή είναι εκεί τώρα.) - Το τι ειπώθηκε και το τι είναι αληθές είναι διαφορετικά·
She told me she would tell him.
(Όχι “will tell” επειδή είτε δεν του το είπε, είτε δε γνωρίζουμε αν του το είπε.)
Όταν αναφέρουμε διαταγές, εντολές ή απαιτήσεις, χρησιμοποιούμε το tell” ή το “ask” και το απαρέμφατο με το “to”:
ευθύς λόγος | πλάγιος λόγος | |
---|---|---|
“Close the door.” | She told me to close the door. | |
“Please, give me the key.” | He asked me to give him the key. |
Say or tell?
Το “tell” χρειάζεται ένα αντικείμενο:
- Paul told me he was retiring.
- I told him to be quiet.
- We told the teacher that he was wrong.
Το “say” δεν παίρνει αντικείμενο:
- Mary said that she was leaving.
- I said she was very noisy.
- They said that the house was very old.
Αλλαγή χρόνων στον πλάγιο λόγο:
Simple present | Simple past | |
“I always drink coffee”, she said
|
She said that she always drankcoffee.
|
|
Present continuous | Past continuous | |
“I am reading a book”, he explained.
|
He explained that he was reading a book
|
|
Simple past | Past perfect | |
“Bill arrived on Saturday”, he said.
|
He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
|
|
Present perfect | Past perfect | |
“I have been to Spain”, he told me.
|
He told me that he had been to Spain
|
|
Past perfect | Past perfect | |
“I had just turned out the light,” he explained.
|
He explained that he had just turned out the light.
|
|
Present perfect continuous | Past perfect continuous | |
They complained, “We have been waiting for hours”.
|
They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
|
|
Past continuous | Past perfect continuous | |
“We were living in Paris”, they told me.
|
They told me that they had been living in Paris.
|
|
Future | Present conditional | |
“I will be in Geneva on Monday”, he said
|
He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
|
|
Future continuous | Conditional continuous | |
She said, “I’ll be using the car next Friday”.
|
She said that she would be usingthe car next Friday.
|
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-1.html
- PASSIVE VOICE (ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΗ ΦΩΝΗ)
- INVERSION (ΑΝΤΙΣΤΡΟΦΗ)
Πηγή: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K0npnSYjJE
ΑΣΚΗΣΕΙΣ:
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/inversion-exercise-1.html
https://learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/exercises/inversion_quiz1.html
- CONDITIONALS
Πηγή:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYFfxYaEMuw
- https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Conditionals/1st_%E2%80%98%C2%B7_2nd_Conditionals_sa1212155ft
- https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Conditionals/Zero_and_first_conditional_worksheet_ns567084bn
- https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Conditionals/Conditionals_te22629zd
- https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Conditionals/Conditionals_-_revision_nc12376sc
- https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Conditionals/Conditional_Clauses_(I,_II,_III)_-_irreg._verbs_bo13968aa
- https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Conditionals/Zero,_first_and_second_conditional_ma193325ko
- https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Conditionals/Conditionals_-_1_ik26379ip
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