ΝΟΜΙΜΟΠΟΙ

4 Νοέμβριος 2013

(ποίημα εν 16σύλλαβο δακτυλικό εξάμετρο)

νομιμοποί**^

νομιμοποιέται το ελεύθερο ελληνικό γλώσσα τούτο

όχι για να καταργέται αυτό που πολύς* ξέρει ακόμη

αλλα για να έχει κι αυτό το μορφή ικανό για όλο που είναι

όλο το γραμματική τα** χωράει εν πρόσφυμα δέκα

και ούτε ένα πρόσφυμα άν δέν προστίθεται, πρόβλημα ουδένα·

πλήρη το γλώσσα και δίχως προσθήκη πρόσφυμα ουδένα

για να μαθαίνεις* δεν χρειάζεται χρόνο χρήμα τυράννια

δίχως δάσκαλο τώρα μπορεί ελληνικόν να μαθαίνει

ξέρει ελεύθερο; και το κοινόν*^ γλωσσαν καταλαβαίνει

χαίρεται φίλος απο ελληνισμό και εχθρός εμς**^ λυπάεται

παύει να χάνεται το ελληνικό γλώσσα αναγεννάεται

δέν γίνεται ευκολότερο μήτε ικανότερο γλώσσα

και όποιος τον*^ ξέρει αξίζει πιστοποιητικόν να λαβαίνει

αλλα πιστοποιητικός και χαρτίς άς πάει κατα μέρο

το που έχει εδώ σημασία: ξανά θα αγαπάεται το γλώσσα

και εκ ξένος και εκ μακρινός ρωμιός κι εν ελλάδα παρόντα

και όταν με δίκαιο ελληνιστικό συσταίνεται κράτο*^*

θα έχει το ελεύθερο αυτό ελληνικό ώς επίσημο γλώσσα

θα έχει διάφορος λαός σάν πουλίς με ένα μάνα ίδιο κλώσσα.

 

Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα ολόκληρο γραμματική αυτό:

ενεργητικό ρήμας τελειώνει εις –ει, παθητικό ρήμας εις –(ε)ται.

Προαιρετικά προστίθομενο πρόσφυμας:

* -ς για πληθυντικό.

** -α ή τα για επίρρημα. Απο «το» (ουδέτερο άρθρο ή αντωνυμία) γίνεται τα =με αυτό τρόπο.

*^ -ν για αντικείμενο. Έτσι «το» γίνεται «τον» (πάντα ουδέτερο).

**^ σίγηση άτονο τελικό φωνήεντα (εκ εμε γίνεται εμ) απο πτωτικό κάνει επίθετο, ισοδυναμεί με γενική. Σίγηση τελικό (άτονο ή τονιζόμενο) φωνήεντα απο ρήμα, δείχνει προστακτικό ή ζητάμενο το πράξη απο ρήμα.

(άλλο προαιρετικό πρόσφυμας που δέν χρησιμοποιέται εν αυτό ποίημα):

-οντα για ενεργητικό μετοχή.

-(ο)μενο για παθητικό μετοχή.

-η για φυσικό θηλυκό γένο (φυσικό γένον έχει, γραμματικό γένον όχι).

-μο για απαρέμφατο (ουσιαστικό που δηλώνει πράξη απο ρήμα).

 

*^*Μεγάλο δύναμις φοβάεται μήπως Ελλάδα, Μικρασία, Κύπρο, ήτοι Αιγαίο γύρω όλος χώρα ενώνεται και γίνεται πανίσχυρο κράτο, ισχυρότερο παρά κάθε άλλο. Έχεις τρόπος να εμποδίζει τέτοιο ένωση. Και έχεις τρόπος να αποτρέπει κοινό γνώμη απο αυτό.

Άραγε άν σχηματίζεται το μέγα ελληνιστικό κράτο, θα πρέπει να κάνει κάθε τί που Βυζαντινό αυτοκράτορας κάνει, ή θα πρέπει να αφήνει το ένα αληθινό Θεό και να λατρεύει Ίσιδα, Αφροδίτη, Διόνυσο κλπ? Ούτε το ένα, ούτε το άλλο. Πρόβλημας ορίζει λύση. Παλιά Κινέζος φτιάχνει παπούτσι κατα μέτρο απο πόδι. Έτσι ένα Κινέζο παίρνει μέτρο απο πόδι, γράφει εις χαρτάκι και πάει αγορά να παραγγέλνει παπούτσι. Βρίσκει υποδηματοποιό, ψάχνει, χαρτάκιν έχει ξεχνάει ς το σπίτι. –Περιμέν, εμέ πάει σπίτι παίρνει χαρτάκι με μέτρος απο πόδι. Υποδηματοποιό φωνάζει: χαρτάκι τί χρειάζεται; Εσε πόδι είναι μέτρος! Τώρα μετράει πόδι φτιάχνει παπούτσι! Δέν ακούει, πηγαίνει σπίτι παίρνει χαρτάκι με μέτρος, επιστρέφει αγορά. Αλλα αγορά έχει κλείνει, υποδηματοποιό πιά εκεί δέν είναι.

Έτσι ανόητο είναι όποιο άνθρωπο πιστεύει οτι σωστό διακυβέρνηση συνεπάγεται μίμηση παλιό ηγέτη. Είναι σάν να ζητάει το χαρτάκι με μέτρος απο δικό πόδι.

Katyusha τραγούδι:

1 Νοέμβριος 2013
το μηλέας* και το απιδέας ανθίζει,
ς το ποτάμι ομίχλη απλώνεται
η Κακιούσα λυπάμενη^^ ανεβαίνει
ς το γκρεμό που είναι όχθη το ποτάμ**^

ανεβαίνει και τραγουδάει τραγούδι
για πετάοντα^ ς το ύψος στέππ**^ αητό
για ό που ατή^* με πόθο έχει αγαπάει ον,
που απ εκείνο γράμμανς η φυλάει

ώ ακριβό απο κοπελιά τραγούδι
το ήλιον*^ ακολουθόντα εσέ πηγαίν
ώς μακριά ς το σύνορ ο στρατιώτη
εκ Katyusha δίν χαιρετισμό

ό θυμάτ**^ αγνό καρδιά κορίτσι
τόν*^ που εκείνη^* τραγουδάει ακού
σύνορον ό φυλάσσ απο πατρίδα
και Katyusha φυλάσσει αγάπην τά**.
 
Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα ολόκληρο γραμματική αυτό:
ενεργητικό ρήμας τελειώνει εις –ει, παθητικό ρήμας εις –(ε)ται.
Προαιρετικά προστίθομενο (8) πρόσφυμας:
* -ς για πληθυντικό.
** -α ή τα για επίρρημα. Απο «το» (ουδέτερο άρθρο ή αντωνυμία) γίνεται τα =με αυτό τρόπο.
*^ -ν για αντικείμενο. Έτσι «το» γίνεται «τον» (πάντα ουδέτερο).
**^ σίγηση άτονο τελικό φωνήεντα (εκ εμε γίνεται εμ) απο πτωτικό κάνει επίθετο, ισοδυναμεί με γενική.
Σίγηση τελικό (άτονο ή τονιζόμενο) φωνήεντα απο ρήμα, δείχνει προστακτικό ή ζητάμενο το πράξη απο ρήμα.
^-οντα για ενεργητικό μετοχή.
^^-(ο)μενο για παθητικό μετοχή.
^*-η για φυσικό θηλυκό γένο (φυσικό γένον έχει, γραμματικό γένον όχι).
^^*-μο για απαρέμφατο (ουσιαστικό που δηλώνει πράξη απο ρήμα).
το τραγούδ μετάφραση αγγλικά:
THEY BLOOMED, THE APPLE TREES AND PEAR TREES,
the apple and pear trees blossomed,
 THEY WERE DISPERSED, THE MISTS ON THE RIVER.
the fog spreaded on the river.
 SHE WAS CLIMBING UP THE BANK, KATYUSHA,
Katyusha was going up the river bank,
 UP THE HIGH BANK PRECIPITOUS.
up the high bank precipice.
SHE WAS GOING UP, A SONG SHE STARTED
she was going up and she was singing a new song
 ABOUT THE STEPPE DOVE-COLOURED EAGLE,
about the dove-coloured eagle that flies above the steppes,
 ABOUT HIM, WHOM SHE LOVED,
about him whom she fell in love with,
 ABOUT HIM, WHOSE LETTERS SHE DEARLY KEEPS.
about him whose letters she treasures.
OH YOU, SONG, DEAR SONG MAIDENLY,
oh, you song, dear song of the young girl,
 MAY YOU FLY THE CLEAR SUN AFTER:
please fly following the clear sun:
 AND TO THE SOLDIER AT THE DISTANT FRONTIER
and to the soldier at the distant frontier
 FROM KATYUSHA TRANSMIT A MESSAGE
please bring a message of greetings from Katyusha.
LET HIM RECALL THE GIRL PURE,
let him recall the pure hearted girl,
 LET HIM HEAR HOW SHE IS SINGING,
let him hear the song she is singing,
 LET HIM THE LAND SAFEGUARD THE NATIVE,
let him safeguard the native land,
 WHILE THE LOVE KATYUSHA SAFEGUARDS.
while Katyusha safeguards the love.

Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα, περιγραφή / description

31 Οκτώβριος 2013
 Free Greek Language
An article was for a while in Wikipedia, deleted as considered not notable enough. The form is kept here as being well presented.
Free Greek Language
FreeGreek
Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα
free
Created by ケナニデーᄉ イオーアンネーᄉ
Date 2008
Setting and usage not yet endorsed by any national institution; well understood by all those who know the Greek vocabulary, but not yet in much active use. Applying ideas of Latino Sine Flexione, but with a possibility to use much more flexible grammar and optionally free word order.
Users (October 2013) limited and informal usage so far (see main article); however, foreign learners of modern Greek often use a language which happens to be similar to FreeGreek.
Purpose
auxiliary language, not to replace standard modern Greek but to provide Greek language with a level easy for everyone to learn and access, so as to avail of the wealth of the vocabulary while using a minimal but all-capable grammar; an international auxiliary language intended mainly for those who are interested in learning to use Greek language.
Sources a posteriori language
Language codes
ISO 639-3 None (mis)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Free Greek is a simplified and international auxiliary language, first published online in early 2008 or in late months of 2007. It was constructed on the base of the observation that the natural Greek language is internationally most popular because of its vocabulary, but nonetheless most unpopular because of the complexity of its grammar, which is usually held as important by all those who teach it; however, modern Greek is naturally rich in indeclinable words and in some suffixes with sufficiently stable form which could be standardized to form a minimal but all-efficient grammar, which can be even further reduced to a grammar of no added affix; therefore, Free Greek language was designed so as to be applied in three distinct levels:

1) In the elemental level, there is no added grammatical affix (that is, for conjugation or declination); simply the learner may notice that most verbs end in –ΕΙ /i/ while fewer end in –ETAI /ete/, so it can be explained that –ΕΙ /i/ marks active verbs (acting on something other than oneself) while –ETAI /ete/ marks passive verbs (understood as acting to oneself), so then it is possible to substitute –ΕΙ /i/ with –ETAI /ete/ and vice versa, regardless whether such interchange is permissible in natural Greek. For example, in natural Greek the verb ÉRKhETAI (“s/he comes / is coming) can only have the passive voice ending –ETAI /ete/, but the learner of Free Greek can substitute the ending –ΕΙ /i/, thus making ERKhI, which logically should mean “s/he brings / is bringing”). In this level the word order should be strict, and preferably SVO and AN, that is like the word order of Chinese, or the basic word order of English.

2) In the intermediate level, the suffix –S /s/ is optionally added for all plurals (of nouns, pronouns, verbs, or any word that is conceived to be in plural number, for two or more things); and the omission of the final vowel can optionally be used to indicate the “required action” if the word is a verb, and the same omission of the final vowel makes the word adjectival (which can substitute the genitive case) if the word is nominal (a pronoun, noun, or equivalent word) with a final unstressed vowel. Note: the final vowel of a verb can be omitted even if stressed; but the final vowel of a nominal word can only be omitted if unstressed; however, all pronouns have both a stressed and unstressed form, so the final vowel can be omitted for all pronouns to make an adjectival (practically genitival or possessive) form. E.g. “I / me” can be both EMÉ (stressed) and EME (unstressed), so it can become EM (“my”).

3) In the upper level, the Free Greek Language is complete with the following optional (NON obligatory but permissible) grammatical features:

  • I) -ONTA (/onta/ or /onda/) substitutes –EI /i/ to form the active participle (in adjectival or adverbial use).
  • II) -(O)MENO substitutes -ETAI /ete/ to form the passive participle (in adjectival or adverbial use).
  • III) -(T)A substitutes or is added to the final vowel of a word to indicate “way” (mode, “style”, “pertinence to”). Apart from forming adverbial words, it can be also be added to a noun to form the modifier (i.e. kind of genitive) to another noun.
  • IV) -EE /i/ can form the female of a noun, pronoun, or adjective.
  • V) -MO added to a verb forms the infinitive, i.e. forms a noun denoting the action of the verb.
  • VI) -n (/n/ which can also take the form of any nasal according to the following consonant) to show the object of a verb (if the word order and context are deemed insufficient for this purpose).

Note: Variants such as -MENO / -OMENO,  -A / -TA, -ETAI / -TAI, have no semantic difference; they are only to afford some flexibility of form according to the preference of the users.

Creation of FreeGreek and first reactions

FreeGreek was designed by ケナニデーᄉ イオーアンネーᄉ トウ コーンᄉタンチノウ, ᄉテーン カバら, a Greek philologist, who has implemented research in many fields related to languages, some of the results having being published on the web. In the “sample texts” below, there are notes about how the idea came to mature. The first publications about the description and suggested usefulness of that language saw the light during the first months of the year 2008 in the personal website of the author provided by the Greek Schools Network. During the first years of FreeGreek, a short mocking comment to FreeGreek was found on an internet search in a forum, dropped by an unknown user; it was answered by another unknown user that the purpose of FreeGreek seems to be really good.

The author suggested to make a presentation of FreeGreek in a conference of “The Organization for the Promotion of the Greek Language” which was denied without any reasons given. It can be understood anyway that “The Organization for the Promotion of the Greek Language” is so conservative as to keep the orthography used for Katharevousa (abolished as an official language in 1976) including the complicated system of diacritics for tone, which has been officially abolished in 1982.

Later, there were some (estimated about ten or twenty) literary works, mainly didactic stories, (but also two lines in metre incorporated in a poem in ordinary Greek) published in a very popular site of song lyrics where poems (but also literary prose) can be uploaded and commented by the readers. The readers’ comments here were very positive on the meaning of the texts, while there has been no comment on the language, with the exception of one who said that “if this is officialized, it will be the death of the ordinary (Greek language)”; true or not, this comment implies that Free Greek language can be so much appealing; under one story in FreeGreek, a reader commented that the ordinary Greek is a very difficult language even for the natives of Greece, and discreetly he offered a precise translation of the FreeGreek text into ordinary Greek. Then a few presentations (in English) of the Free Greek language appeared in http://elewthero.livejournal.com. And rather recently (year 2012) descriptions of FreeGreek and sample texts have been published on http://crete.academia.edu/GiannhsKenanidhs

Reactions from non-Greek speakers have almost not been observed as yet, except from an African lady living in the U.S.A. who said in an e-mail that this type of Greek is “fun to learn”, and the emeritus professor John Clifford who wrote “years ago I thought to devise a “Graeca sine flexione”; that never got beyond the thought stage, so I am glad to see someone has gotten on with it”.

Writing system

Since the creation of it, three systems have been applied to write the Free Greek Language,

  1. The vowel stress is to be written with the common stress mark OXEÍA or acute_accent always where it is actually pronounced and never in any other case;
  2. The VAREÍA or grave_accent may be used if the writer wishes to show an /i/ sound that is still pronounced as an unstressed /i/ (and has not turned into a consonant or a simple consonant modifier, as often in modern Greek).
  3. The pre-nasalized plosives (or stop consonants) which the new generation tends to pronounce often as simple voiced un-nasalized ones, are suggested to be written with double the nasal element (i.e. as νντ, μμπ, γγκ) in Free Greek, just in an effort to preserve the ability of modern Greeks to pronounce pre-nasalized consonants such as nd, mb, ng – an ability which is currently getting lost and may totally disappear in the very near future.
  • The other writing system is a romanization still preserving the historical orthography of modern Greek while at the same time showing the actual pronunciation; this system of romanization (used in this article) is mainly using the capital letters of the English alphabet, while some lower-case letters (j, h, n, s, z) are used as modifiers (j for palatalization, h for spirantization and mute h, n for pre-nasalization, s and z after T and D respectively for heavy aspiration). The palatals “K, C” are considered phonemes different than the corresponding velars “Q, G” (but even if the difference is not really phonemic, it has reasons to be shown in writing for facilitating the learners and for more accurately describing the sound of modern Greek).
  • The third writing system is a romanization like the one previously described, but without preserving the historical orthography of Modern Greek. (These two systems of romanization were created by ヤンネー ケナニデー  for the natural Greek language long time before the creation of FreeGreek). All these systems for writing the Free Greek Language can be seen applied in some sample texts published on the internet in 2008 and the following years.

Phonology and phonotactics

Phonology and phonotactics are, ideally, the same as in natural modern Greek, but attention is drawn to the pre-nasalization of consonants that must be preserved; the only deviation from the phonotactics of standard modern Greek is that, by dropping the final vowel of words for grammatical purposes (except in the elemental level), we can have words ending with all consonants – while in standard modern Greek only –N (/n/ or other nasal depending on the following consonant) and –S /s/ are accepted as word final consonants – in the north Greek dialects, however, it is natural to omit unstressed close vowels and therefore to have words ending in any consonants.

Allophony

It is not really strict for foreign speakers to pronounce exactly as in Modern Greek, because small mispronunciations do not make Modern Greek hard to be understood. Especially, if foreign speakers mis-pronounce Modern Greek towards ancient Greek (e.g., if they pronounce NT as /nt/ and not as /nd/ or /d/ which is actually heard in Greece), such a mispronunciation is rather to be praised than be condemned.

Syntax

Emphasis is not laid upon syntax or other aspects of Free Greek, but on its vocabulary; the main requirement for the aspiring learner of Free Greek is to learn a good amount of vocabulary. The word order can be user-defined or totally free if some grammatical elements are used, e.g. the –N /n/ for the object of verb and the copula EINAI /ine/. When used without any such grammatical features (elemental level described above), the word order should be strict, with every complement preceding its main term while the object follows the verb. It is advised that the grammatical elements should be used as frugally as possible, and the language in general be as succinct as possible; things that can be inferred from the context are rather not to be worded; this includes personal pronouns, which can be inferred from the linguistic and non-verbal context too. Because Free Greek aims to be a language that “can do all that any other language can”, it can be used as postpositional if desired, although it is mainly prepositional as Modern Greek is: every preposition can be used as a postposition if it is stressed on the first syllable. In natural modern Greek prepositions are pronounced without any stress, so joining to the following word; only very rarely they are stressed on their second syllable (if disyllabic, consisting of two syllables as most do), or on their only syllable, for the purpose of emphasizing them. In Free Greek a preposition, in order to be used as a postposition, must be stressed on its first syllable (e.g. άπο, ÁPO) or on its only syllable (e.g. EÍS /is/) and in written texts followed by some punctuation, preferably : (colon).

Substitutes for genitive case

Free Greek can use a great variety of means to express what is usually expressed as genitive case of nouns;

  • the most common means is simply placing the modifier noun before the modified; the modified word can have its own definite article while the modifier lacks a definite article, as is often done in the Mariupolitic and Pontic Greek dialect; it is also possible that the second (i.e. modified) word is followed by a possessive pronoun (formed by omitting the final vowel), for example: hÉLLEENAS TO QhOORJÓS ATS / Έλληνας το χωριός ατ-ς “Greeks – their villages” i.e. the villages of the Greeks. The same could be said without the definite article (TO), or without the possessive pronoun (ATS, formed from ATO with omitting the final vowel and adding the –S of plural), or without both, simply hÉLLEENAS QhOORJÓS.
  • Another very common mean is the preposition APO /apo/ or AP /ap/ for the modifying noun.
  • Any other preposition, depending on the exact meaning of the modifier, can also substitute the genitive. (The prepositions may also be used as prepositions as explained previously).
  • Also the omission of the unstressed final vowel has been provided.
  • Another means is to use an object instead of the genitive, if it depends on a noun that has the sense of a verb, e.g. KhÉRIN KÍNEESI / χέριν κίνησι or KÍNEESI KhÉRI κίνησι χέρι (“movement – hand”, that is “a movement of the hand”, where KhÉRI “a hand” is marked as an object by the –N or by word order, because it is understood as the object of the verb understood by the word KÍNEESI “movement”.
  • Similarly, we can use a word unmarked as a subject instead of genitive, if it is understood as a subject to a noun implying a verb, e.g. ESÉ GNOOMEE “you – opinion” = your opinion, here ESÉ (you) can be taken as a subject of GNOÓMEE (opinion) because opinion implies a verb like “believe” or “think”.
  • Yet another means to substitute the genitive is the suffix –(T)A, properly for adverbs, but when an adverbial word is obviously modifying a noun, it functions as an adjective, e.g. from ESÉ we can form ESÁ (or ESEA or ESETA, all of these meaning the same: “your way, according to you”), so then we say ESÁ GNOOMEE “your way – opinion” i.e. “your opinion”.
  • Another means to substitute the genitive is to form an adjective (with ending –ÍTIQO, if no other suffix is at hand), so for example “TOS PARAMYThÍTIQO hEÉROOA” (“the fairy tales–adjectival suffix – hero”) =the hero of the fairy tales.
  • The genitive of natural Greek can also be substituted by a verb, especially ÉKhEI /eçi/ (“to have”) forming an elemental relative clause, e.g. JÓORGO ÉKhEI MAGAZÍ “George have shop” i.e. George’s shop; here JÓORGO ÉKhEI works as a modifier to the noun MAGAZÍ, when the language is used with modifiers usually preceding the head noun; it is also possible to say the same as JÓORGO PU ÉKhEI MAGAZÍ, where PU /pu/ is the all-purpose relative conjunction of Modern Greek, so then it is quite explicit that it is a relative clause; depending on the predefined word order, the sequence can be different, e.g. MAGAZÍ PU JÓORGO ÉKhEI (“shop that George have”), i.e. George’s shop; of course, the shortest expression is JÓORGO ÉKhEI MAGAZÍ (given that modifier – head noun is the main word order).

(The list of means to substitute the genitive case of ordinary Modern Greek is not definitely ended here, because the character of Free Greek is that very freedom, to use all means of Modern Greek except of conjugating or declining words).

Verbs

If it is fixed that the predicate follows the subject or if some other means (like definite article) is used, then the copula EÍNAI /ine/ is not often needed, so we have a zero copula, e.g. NERÓ KRÝO (“water cold”) or KRÝO TO NERÓ (“cold the water”, with emphasis on cold) mean “the water is cold”. Tense and time aspect are best to be left on context, but it is quite easy to use E /e/ written as a separate word before the verb to denote past, and ThA /θa/ in the same way to denote future. For the perfective aspect of the verb it is possible to use MÍA /mia/ (as in Pontic and Mariupolitic dialects) which is not used as in standard Modern Greek for the feminine of ÉNA (one). For the perfect aspect, we can use periphrasis (e.g. MÉQhRI TÓORA “until now”) or the verb ÉKhEI /eçi/ (have) before the basic form of the verb, e.g. ÉKhEI DÍNEI (have / has given), not ÉKhEI DOÓSEI as in standand modern Greek. Reduplication of a verb or other word is permitted as in natural Modern Greek, for expressing repetition, duration, persistence, etc. Verbs are not inflected in FreeGreek, except for the possible omission of the final vowel and the interchange of –EI /i/ and –ETAI /ete/. For example, the verb δίνει / DÍNEI «give» can only have the forms DÍNEI (for every use), DÍN (for imperative or required action) and DÍNETAI (for the passive voice “to be given”), which, of course, can also drop its final vowel to become DÍNET (the required action in passive voice: “give yourself” or “must be given”). Note, however, that verb forms that belong to different roots are never discarded: for example, some common modern Greek verbs form their perfective tenses from altogether different roots than the imperfective forms, e.g. for the verb “to see” VLÉPOO is imperfective while EÍDA is perfective. It is a basic principle of Free Greek that no root is discarded, so in FreeGreek ÍDEI is considered a different verb that is used for the perfective aspect of “see” regardless of tense. In exactly the same way FreeGreek uses EÍPEI, FÁJEI, ÉRThEI as independent verbs. In FreeGreek, the verb form LÉI / λέει /lei/ or /lej/ is used for vaguely “people say”, while the form LÉJI / λέγει /leʝi/ (old-fashioned in Modern Greek) is the ordinary form of the verb “to say”.

Vocabulary

FreeGreek uses exactly the same vocabulary as modern Greek, but a few elements are borrowed from Pontic and Mariupolitic dialects, namely the pronoun ATÓ (for persons only) and the particle MÍA (for the perfective aspect only); also uses some old fashioned forms of prepositions, especially EIS /is/ (which can be abbreviated to S /s/ but never written together with an article as in standard modern Greek) and EN /en/. Because no root-word is discarded, the EGOO is kept along with EME (I, me), but to make it useful, EGOO is used as subject and verb at the same time, meaning “I do / make” (or synonym verb, with subject “I”, regardless of tense). All Greek words produced from other words (by means of affixes) are permitted to use in FreeGreek, including comparative and superlative forms of adjectives, ordinal numbers, adverbs, past participles, diminutives and augmentatives, and words suffixed to become feminine or masculin, because all such words are not made by inflection, but by production; All FreeGreek is based on the principle to discard all forms produced by inflection, but permit all forms produced otherwise. However, FreeGree provides simple means to substitute produced forms if desired or needed; so, for example, although the past participle PJOOMÉNO (drunk) is permitted, it may be substituted by E PÍNONTA or PU E PÍNEI (relative particle + past particle + main verb); althouth “EIQOSTÓ DÉWTERO” (22nd) is permitted, it may be substituted by much more simple means: “QATA SEIRÁ EIQOSI DÝO” (literally “by order twenty two”, and so on. There are also some types of FreeGreek with specially defined or limited vocabulary:

  • the FreeGreek of 222 words, employing a minimal vocabulary.
  • the ancient FreeGreek, which uses all ancient Greek vocabulary with only some indeclinable particles from modern Greek and discards all ancient Greek grammar but follows the grammatical rules of FreeGreek as described above. This is considered useful in order to translate ancient Greek texts to students so they can understand the function of the ancient Greek words, or to those who wish to learn the ancient Greek vocabulary without attention to ancient Greek grammar.

FreeGreek is anyway only a handful of simple grammatical rules that can be applied for any dialect and any form of Greek language.

Literature

So far, he most common literary genre for FreeGreek is story telling; a significant number of stories have been written and uploaded on the internet using FreeGreek; the next most common genre for FreeGreek is philosophy, although not many philosophical texts have been published to date. However, note that FreeGreek has not been created for any specific usage, but it has been made to be easily used for every purpose a language can serve.

Controlled languages in Greece

There is long history of a Greek-based artificial language, which was used in Greece for all formal purposes but also for a large corpus of literature, and still survives in some forms: that is Katharevousa, which has been a controlled language very hard to learn, but still was dominant in Greece for centuries and has greatly influenced even the informal spoken Greek. The impressive effectiveness of Katharevousa can only be explained by the fact that it was enforced by the government, although indescribably long time and effort was required for it. FreeGreek is exactly the opposite: it is Greek made as easy as possible, but it has not been enforced in any way. It cannot be known whether it will ever be endorsed by government or any institution; so it still depends on the common people whether it will ever be put into widespread use or not.

Sample text

(English translation after each paragraph; for the individual words, any dictionary or translation engine may be consulted).

free

the emblem proposed for the Free Greek Language:

Για Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα ιδέα πολύ παλιό. Ήδη εν έτο 1989 συζητάει με συνάδελφο οτι αγγλικό γλώσσα που τόσο εξαπλώνεται, οφείλεται και εις απλότητα απο γραμματική. Τότε συμπεραίνει: και γιατί ελληνικό να μήν αποκτάει απλό γραμματική; Μπορεί απο κάθε ρήμα να κρατάει μόνο ένα τύπο, ενεστώτα τρίτο πρόσωπο, και απο κάθε ουσιαστικό μόνο ένα τύπο. Τότε εμέ νοερά κατασκευάζει απλό γραμματική, αλλα δέν γράφει μέχρι τέλος απο έτο 2007.

The idea for the Free Greek Language is very old. Already in the year 1989 I was discussing with a colleague that English has expanded so much, partly due to the simplicity of (its) grammar; then we concluded: and why should Greek not acquire a simple grammar? It is possible to keep one only form from each verb: the present tense third person; and one only form from each noun. Then I was mentally constructing a simple grammar, but did not put that in writing until the ending of the year 2007.

Άς είπει τώρα ένα αίνιγμα διατυπώνομενο με το Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα απο το ελάχιστο επίπεδο, που έχει μόνο 137 λήμμα: «πτερωτό πανί κίτρινο σταυρό», τί είναι; Λύση: πτερωτό πανί θα είπει σημαία, εις αυτό κίτρινο σταυρό, είναι το βυζαντινό σημαία.

222

the emblem proposed for the Free Greek Language with a limited vocabulary:

Now let me tell a riddle worded in the Free Greek Language of the minimal level that has only 137 entries: “winged cloth yellow cross”, what is it? Solution: “winged cloth” means a flag; on which a yellow cross, (that) is the Byzantine flag.

Αυτό είναι και το έμβλημα απο το Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα καθώς και απο το ελάχιστο επίπεδο Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα που έχει μόνο 222 λήμμα. Για να ξεχωρίζει το με ελεύθερο λεξιλόγιο Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα απο το με ελάχιστο λεξιλόγιο Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα, το μέν με ελεύθερο λεξιλόγιο έχει σύμβολο το σταυρό με το τέσσερα πυρέκβολο, το δέ με ελάχιστο λεξιλόγιο έχει σύμβολο το σταυρό σκέτο (δηλαδή άνευ πυρέκβολο), κίτρινο σταυρό επι ερυθρό φόντο.

That is also the emblem of the Free Greek Language, also of the minimal level Free Greek Language which has only 222 word entries. To distinguish the free vocabulary Free Greek Language from the minimal vocabulary Free Greek Language, the one with free vocabulary has the cross with the four fire-starters as its symbol, while the one with minimal vocabulary is symbolized by the plain cross (that is, without the fire-starters), yellow cross on red background.

Δηλαδή το μέν εκτείνομενο (με πυρέκβολος) προτείνεται για έμβλημα απο Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα, (χρησιμοποιεί εις το πυρέκβολος άσπρο, κυανό και μαύρο ωστε το σύμβολο να έχει καί το 5 βασικό χρώμα: άσπρο, κόκκινο, κίτρινο, μαύρο και κυανό), το δέ πιό απλό για έμβλημα απο Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα με λεξιλόγιο περιορίζομενο εις έως 222 λήμμα.

In other words, the one expanded (with old-times’ fire-starters resembling “B”) is proposed for emblem of the Free Greek Language (for the fire-starters using white, blue and black, so that the symbol has all 5 basic colors: white, red, yellow, black, and blue); while the more simple (is proposed) for emblem of the Free Greek Language with a vocabulary limited up to 222 word entries.

Το Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα προσφέρεται εις κάθε άνθρωπο που θέλει ή πρέπει να μαθαίνει Ελληνικό Γλώσσα χωρίς να δαπανάει χρόνο και ενέργεια για περιττό γραμματική (αφού το Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό έχει κάθε δυνατότητα να εκφράζει, κατα λέγοντ βούληση, κάθε γραμματικό κατηγορία).

The Free Greek Language is offered to every person who wants or has to learn Greek without consuming time and energy for superfluous grammar (as FreeGreek has all capability to express, according to the speaker’s desire, all grammatical functions).

Απο το δέ Ελεύθερο Ελληνικό Γλώσσα με ελάχιστο λεξιλόγιο (222 βασικό λέξη) έχει δημιουργέται τo Systematic Language που προσφέρεται εις ολόκληρο ανθρωπότητα για διεθνή γλώσσα που μπορεί να μαθαίνεται εν ελάχιστο χρόνο (ένα ημέρα έως ένα εβδομάδα) και όμως μέσω αυτό μπορεί να εκφράζει και να αντιλαμβάνεται κάθε βασικό έννοια (και βέβαια, μέσω περίφραση και σύνθεση απο βασικό έννοιας, να εκφράζει κάθε τί).

As to the Free Greek Language with minimal vocabulary (222 basic words), that has been the origin of the Systematic Language, which is offerred to the whole humanity as an international language that can be learned in minimal time (one day up to one week), and still through it people can express and understand all basic concepts (and of course, through periphrasis and combining of basic concepts it is possible to express anything).

The Lord’s prayer

It is costumary, and obligatory, for all constructed or controlled languages to offer a translation of the Lord’s prayer; As the Lord’s prayer has been originally written in Hellenistic Greek, it is possible to translate it by using all the original vocabulary except some pronouns and grammatically important words, so giving a sample of the “ancient FreeGreek” (see above), with all rules of FreeGreek but with an ancient (in this case Hellenistic) vocabulary:

Ώ πατέρα απ εμες ο εν το ουρανό,
αγιάζετ εσ όνομα,
έλθ εσ βασιλεία,
γίνετ εσ θέλημα
ώς εν ουρανό και επι το γή·
το εμς επιούσιο άρτον
δίν ς εμες σήμερα
και αφί ς εμές το οφείλημας εμς
ώς και εμες αφίει εις οφειλέτης εμς·
και μή εισενέγκει εμες εις πειρασμό,
αλλα ρύετ εμες εκ το πονηρό·
οτι απ εσέ ειναι το βασιλεία και το δύναμι και το δόξα νύν και αεί,
Αμήν.

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Χαίρετε! στο Academia.edu

11 Ιούνιος 2013

θα βρείτε κάποιες εργασίεςμου:

http://crete.academia.edu/GiannhsKenanidhs

ευ χρησθε.

Παρακαλώ μελετήστε ολόκληρη την εργασία προτού σχολιάσετε.

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